For Muslims, however, as Bernard Lewis put it, God was Caesar, the state was God’s state, the army God’s army, the enemy was God’s enemy, and above all, the Law was God’s Law. The problem of separating mosque and state did not arise as there was no mosque as an autonomous institution to be separated. Mosque and sate were one and the same. Muhammad was both a prophet and soldier, prophet and statesman. His career as a statesman was an essential part of his prophetic mission. Thus from its very inception, Islam was associated with the exercise of power. In Classical Arabic there are no pairs of words corresponding to "lay" and "ecclesiastical," "spiritual" and "temporal," "secular" and "religious." Islam knows no distinctions between these realms, it is all embracing and controls and has jurisdiction over an individual’s entire life.
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